Professional Ethics, Trust, And Acm Code Of Ethics Essay

How does professional ethic play a role in the IT industry? How does the ACM code of ethics help set out the expectations of the professional’s behavior? Is a whistle-blowing morally permissible in some cases even if trust has been violated? In answering these questions, the paper will dive deeply into the definitions of professional ethics, trust, and ACM code of Ethics. Next, is the examination of De George’s model and how it applies to professional ethics and the analysis of a recent case involving Edward Snowden, an ex-NSA employee, who intentionally leaked sensitive US-government information. Professional Ethics When working in an organization, it is usually important to establish professional ethics while following consistent ethical principles. Professional ethics are personal and corporate standards of behavior that are set by businesses, associations, and organization. It creates an institution that reflects our own values and make us feel more confident about what is an acceptable behavior and what is not. This type of ethic could vary depending on the various types of situations, professions, and personal values. Many professionals that are trusted by the public like doctors, accountants, engineers and even an information technologist all have a Code of Ethics, which sets out expectations of the member’s behavior and how they operate internally and externally. Within the IT profession, is the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) Code of Ethics which isShow MoreRelatedRequirement of Certification for Higher Education1115 Words   |  4 Pageseducation can also be used in substitute for the 1,500 hours of experience as well. This certification is the most attainable by a college student still in school. The most valuable and sought-after certification is that of the Project Management Professional (PMP). This certification communicates the person who has earned it has shown competency and insight in project management from a pragmatic and theoretical basis. Those with PMP certifications are also highly sought after due to their experienceRead MoreThe Impact Of Technology On Technology Professionals1479 Words   |  6 Pagesit, technologies can often be very expensive and in the hands of unethical Technology Professionals, clients could be taken advantage of in a multitude of ways. This results in clients looking towards people they can trust for solutions. Often times, smaller businesses try to implement their own systems, or turn to friends who don’t exactly have the technological expertise of an educated Technology Professional. When this happens, small companies, without any intention of harm, often leave theirRead MoreEssay about Technology and Ethical Changes1795 Words   |  8 Pagesincreasingly aware of the need for the ethical use of technology. Information technology (IT) users need a code of ethics developed, so that they can navigate through the ethical issues they confront while using information technology. When ethical violations occur, enforcement of the ethical standards is required. With the advancement of online education, there is a need to interpret how a code of ethics would be established within this academic environment. Societal changes caused by information technologyRead MoreElection Essay1239 Words   |  5 Pagesan email. In other words: we are not making our elections any safer by withholding information about the scope and scale of the threat. (Perlroth, Wines, Rosenberg, 2017). Denial is not the correct route to take when information, security, and ethics is on the line. These issues directly relate to security because if no investigation is being made about how the hacking occurred, the tools that were used, and what information they have, it could compromise the security of US citizens just by notRead MoreEssay On An Eye Is Upon You1828 Words   |  8 PagesOpinion The unanimous opinion of the group concerning to topic of mass surveillance, especially when it comes to the area of the NSA is that it is not only a violation of the privacy of millions but also a violation of both the ACM code of ethics and the SE code of ethics. We see the removal of what is claimed to be inalienable rights and a complete disregard for the Constitution, a set of rules that was created for society to follow. The rule here that is being violated deals with the fourth amendmentRead MoreComputer Ethics : Code Of Ethic1873 Words   |  8 Pages Computer Ethics Whitney Nelson Hampton University Introduction Philosophy and computers do not seen like they would have much relevance to each other but in actuality they coincide with one another through ethics. Ethics are the general principles that outlines the basic standard of what is right and what is wrong. They are the moral philosophy that people live and abide by in their everyday lives. Computer ethics are a more specific realm of ethics. They are the basicRead MoreEthics in Technology Essay1555 Words   |  7 Pagesassume that their actions do not have real consequences to others. The lack of physicality on the internet can alter one’s ability to empathize with other, which makes them feel that cybercrime morally acceptable. The moral imperatives in the ACM code of ethics can help people make moral choices with computer technology. Privacy concerns on the web have become an undesirable consequence that people face with cyber technology. The ability of computers to gather and store unlimited amount of informationRead MoreThe Midwife As Distinguished By The Australian College Of Midwives1514 Words   |  7 PagesMidwives (ACM) (2016a) role is centred in a therapeutic relationship defined by â€Å"each woman’s social, emotional, physical, spiritual and cultural needs, expectations and context as defined by the woman herself† (para. 7). ACM position the midwife as the primary profession for quality maternity care founded during training, through the direction of the Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia (NMBA) â€Å"Code of Professional Conduct For Midwives In Australia† (CPC) and reinforced by the â€Å"Code of Ethics ForRead MoreThe Midwife As Distinguished By Leap1512 Words   |  7 PagesCollege of Midwives (ACM) (2016a) defines the midwife role as meeting â€Å"each woman’s social, emotional, physical, spiritual and cultural needs, expectations and context as defined by the woman herself† (para. 7). ACM position the midwife as the primary profession for quality maternity care founded during training, through the direction of the Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia (NMBA) â€Å"Code of Professional Conduct For Midwives In Australia† (CPC) and reinforced by the â€Å"Code of Ethics For Midwives InRead MoreDoing Ethics Technique4045 Words   |  17 PagesAJIS vol. 10 no. 2 May 2003 DOING ETHICS: A UNIVERSAL TECHNIQUE IN AN ACCESSIBILITY CONTEXT Christopher R. Simpson1, Liddy Nevile2, Oliver K. Burmeister3 1 Adjunct Teaching Fellow, School of Information Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Australia, E-mail: csimpson@swin.edu.au; 2 E-mail: Liddy.Nevile@motile.net; 3 Swinburne Computer-Human Interaction Laboratory, School of Information Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Australia, E-mail: oburmeister@it.swin.edu.au;

Decision Essay - 1162 Words

Decision Everything you do is a choice. You choose the way you are living today. As we walk on the path of life, we are presented with cross roads and forks. Some are pretty obvious which turn we should take. However, not everything is easy in life. And in the fast pace life we are currently living in right now, we move so fast that we meet many more challenges than before and often, we hastily decide on the choices we make. You will make decisions in your life. Some of these decisions will be incredibly good and result with you experiencing a much improved quality of life. Other decisions will be poor, yielding little benefit, or worse, cause more damage than good. Yes, whether its right or wrong, it still is a†¦show more content†¦She realized her boss only wanted to squeeze more work out of her. In short, her current job sucks. Thus, she knew she has to move. Thats basically seems like a logical move! But she also reminded herself that the job is quite stable and it pays her pretty well. Moving away from this job means moving away from a stable source of income into the unknown again. So, what can she do? What are the choices here? As I said earlier, theres is no right or wrong choices here. You decide which course of action is best for you. Here, the one that is willing to take a bit of risk and willing to take on new challenges for a better job prospect will naturally decide to leave for a new job. And the less secure will choose to continue with the lousy job. My point here is, dont blame the circumstances. Blame yourself if you find in a situation that you do not like. It was your decision that brought you to where you are today. Did anyone make the decision for you? Even if someone forces you to make a decision, ultimately, it still is your choice and decision. This is where the successful differentiate themselves from the average. They realize that their decisions today determine their future. So, its not a choice of lik ing. They deliberately choose to be what they want to be in the future. In short, what you do today defines what you are tomorrow. And all this boils down the decisions you make in life. With all of the saying, Ive madeShow MoreRelatedDecision Decisions : Decisions And Decisions1210 Words   |  5 PagesDecisions, decisions. Should I follow my heart and do what I always wanted to do? Or just accept the reality that my mind is telling me? This was a constant battle within myself in which led to a lot of sleepless nights and long talks with my parents, which were not always the greatest. Ultimately a moment in my life had come where I only had two choices. The choices were; either I continue to play soccer and go to college; or I would work and go to college. I had to reach a verdict, yet I had twoRead MoreDecisions, Decisions, Decisions Essay443 Words   |  2 PagesDecisions, Decisions, Decisions People make decisions every single day, even if they know it or not. Whether it is an important decision as in buying the right car, or a little decision as in deciding what to eat for lunch. No matter what the decision maybe, one has to make choices everyday. Although it may be the wrong choice later on, no one has the ability to look into the future. But one must move on even though it may not be the right choice. Robert Frost explains this well in â€Å"The RoadRead MoreDecision Analysis : The Decision1528 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Decision analysis provides powerful techniques to structure complex problems, identify optimal choices, and facilitate communication between the decision analyzer and the person makes the decision. One of the most important values of these techniques is that they enable decision making to be rational rather than intuitive or holistic. They provide a framework for rational decision making in an uncertain environment. As modern decision analysis has been studied for more than five decadesRead MoreDecision Decisions : Choosing A College1199 Words   |  5 PagesDecisions, decisions. Choosing a college is one of the most life-altering decisions that an individual can make, and choosing the right college is a stressful process for high school seniors. Personally, the process overwhelmed me, and I did not know where to begin it especially when my controlling parents did not approve any of my out-of-state choices. Although I have always been obedient and listened to my parents’ every command, I disobeyed my parents for the first time in my life when I decidedRead MoreLife Decisions Are An Individual Decision Essay1009 Words   |  5 PagesEnd of life decisions are an individual decision. If able, we would all like to be able to decide where, when and how. Since most of us don’t get that choice, it is important to communicate and discuss with close family your personal wishes for your end of life decisions. I don’t think there is any one right or wrong answer, it is just important to be thoughtful and intentional with communicating our wishes. Euthanasia Euthanasia has always been and will always be a controversial subject forRead MoreDecision Making An Effective Decision1094 Words   |  5 PagesDecision-making is an important process. It can be a task, which needs a simple decision to be made or a difficult situation involving several issues. In difficult situations, there may be uncertainty and complexities, wherein there may be interrelated factors that could lead to high-risk consequences, the impact of the decision made could be very important. Every situation will have its own set of uncertainties and consequences. Interpersonal issues too come in the way of making an effective decisionRead MoreDecision Analysis : Decision Making1760 Words   |  8 PagesAbstract Decision making is one of the most vital tasks that an entrepreneur, company, or managers are often called to make in order to alter the cause of a business venture or influence the course a business will take. Decision analysis thus entails the discipline of appraising intricate alternatives with regard to values and uncertainty. Value, in most incidences, is expressed monetarily and is a major management concern. Additionally, decision analysis offers awareness into how distinct alternativesRead MoreEthical Decision Making : Ethical Decisions1496 Words   |  6 PagesFacing Ethical Decisions How does a person determine what is right or wrong when making a decision? Most people faced with an ethical decision usually revert to their personal values that hopefully guide them through the decision-making process. Assessing values and morals are an important role when making ethical decisions and how others view a person after making that decision. â€Å"Once we grasp the underlying concepts of making important decisions, we need to know how to apply them.† (Fisher, 2005)Read MoreEthical Decision Making : Ethical Decisions1047 Words   |  5 PagesEthical Decision-Making The first step in the CPA (2000) ethical decision-making model is identification of the individuals and groups potentially affected by the decision. In the ethical scenario I presented earlier, the individuals directly involved and likely to be most affected by the decision include the 54-year old woman and myself as the counsellor. Those who will likely be indirectly affected by the decision would be the woman’s family, including her 20-year old daughter, and the agencyRead MoreDecision Tree Analysis On Decision Trees1277 Words   |  6 PagesDecision Tree Analysis A decision tree is a widespread technique of designing and envisaging predictive patterns and systems. It is a tree-structured design of a set of aspects to test in direction to expect the output. Decision trees are effective and accepted implements for prediction and classification. The value of decision trees is because of the reality that, in compare to neural networks, it signifies rules. Rules can quickly be articulated so that individuals can comprehend them or even directly

All the Presidents of India Free Essays

1| Dr Rajendra Prasad (1884–1963)| | 26 January 1950| 13 May 1962| Dr. S Radhakrishnan| 1952 election page  Ã‚  1957 election page Prasad was the first President of independent India from Bihar. [7][8]  He was also an independence activist of the Indian Independence Movement. We will write a custom essay sample on All the Presidents of India or any similar topic only for you Order Now [9]Prasad was the only president to serve for two terms in office. [4]| 2| Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (1888–1975)| | 13 May 1962| 13 May 1967| Zakir Hussain| 1962 election page Radhakrishnan was a prominent philosopher, writer, a  Knight of the Realm  and also held the position of  vice chancellor  of the  Andhra University  andBanaras Hindu University. 10]  He was also made a Knight of the  Golden Army of Angels  by  Pope Paul VI. [11]| 3| Zakir Hussain (1897–1969)| | 13 May 1967| 3 May 1969| Varahagiri Venkata Giri| 1967 election page Hussain was vice chancellor of theAligarh Muslim University  and a recipient of  Padma Vibhushan  andBharat Ratna. [12]  He died before his term of office was ended. | | Varahagiri Venkata Giri  * (1894–1980)| | 3 May 1969| 20 July 1969| | Giri was appointed as acting president following the death of Hussain. [13]  He resigned in a few months to take part in the presidential elections. [5]| | Muhammad Hidayatullah  * 1905–1992)| | 20 July 1969| 24 August 1969| | Hidayatullah served as the  Chief Justice of India, and was a recipient of the  Order of the British Empire. [14]  He served as acting president until the election of Giri as the President of India. | 4| Varahagiri Venkata Giri (1894–1980)| | 24 August 1969| 24 August 1974| Gopal Swarup Pathak| 1969 election page Giri is the only person to have served as both an acting president and president of India. He was a recipient of the Bharat Ratna, and has functioned as Indian Minister of Labour and High Commissioner to  Ceylon  (Sri Lanka). [15]| 5| Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed 1905–1977)| | 24 August 1974| 11 February 1977| Basappa Danappa Jatti| 1974 elect ion page Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed served as a Minister before being elected as president. He died in 1977 before his term of office ended, and was the second Indian president to have died during a term of office. [16]| | Basappa Danappa Jatti  * (1912–2002)| | 11 February 1977| 25 July 1977| | Jatti was the vice president of India during Ahmed’s term of office, and was sworn in as acting president upon Ahmed’s death. He earlier functioned as the Chief Minister for the State ofMysore. [16][17]| 6| Neelam Sanjiva Reddy 1913–1996)| | 25 July 1977| 25 July 1982| Muhammad Hidayatullah| 1977 election page N. S. Reddy was the first Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh State. Reddy was the only Member of Parliament from the Janata Party to get elected from Andhra Pradesh. [18]  He was unanimously elected Speaker of the  Lok Sabha  on 26 March 1977 and relinquished this office on 13 July 1977 to become the 6th President of India. | 7| Giani Zail Singh (1916–1994)| | 25 July 1982| 25 July 1987| Ramaswamy Venkataraman| 1982 election page In March 1972, Singh assumed the position of chief Minister of Punjab, and in 1980, he became Union Home Minister. 19]| 8| Ramaswamy Venkataraman (1910–2009)| | 25 July 1987| 25 July 1992| Shankar Dayal Sharma| 1987 election page In 1942, Venkataraman was jailed by the British for his involvement in theIndia’s independence  movement. [20]After his release, he was elected to independent India’s Provisional Parliament as a member of the Congress Party in 1950 and eventually joined the central government, where he first served as Minister of Finance and Industry and later as Minister of Defence. [21]| 9| Shankar Dayal Sharma 1918–1999)| | 25 July 1992| 25 July 1997| Kocheril Raman Narayanan| 1992 election page Sharma was Chief Minister of  Madhya Pradesh, and the Indian Minister for Communications. He has also served as the governor of  Andhra Pradesh,  Punjaband  Maharashtra. [22]| 10| Kocheril Raman Narayanan (1920–2005)| | 25 July 1997| 25 July 2002| Krishan Kant| 1997 election page Narayanan served as India’s ambassador to Thailand, Turkey, China and United States of America. He received doctorates in Science and Law and was also a chancellor in several universities. [23]  He was also the vice-chancellor of  Jawaharlal Nehru University. 24]| 11| A. P. J. Abdul Kalam (1931–)| | 25 July 2002| 25 July 2007| Bhairon Singh Shekhawat| 2002 election page Kalam, was a scientist who played a leading role in the development of India’s ballistic missile and nuclear weapons programs. [25]  Kalam also received theBharat Ratna. | 12| Pratibha Patil (1934–)| | 25 July 2007| Incumbent| Mohammad Hamid Ansari| 2007 election page Patil is the first woman to become the President of India. She was also the first female Governor of Rajasthan. [26][27]| ————————————————- [edit]Timeline How to cite All the Presidents of India, Papers

Tesco Performance Management Performance And Productivity - Free Solu

Question: Discuss about the Tesco Performance Management for Performance and Productivity. Answer: Introduction In recent times, Human Resource Management has emerged as a critical business function. With time, organisation have realized the benefits that performance management system can have. Simply defined, Performance management is a process by which managers and employees work together to plan, monitor and review an employee's work objectives and overall contribution to the organisation. The objective of this report is to discuss the performance management system of Tesco. The company was established in 1919 and since then it has expanded in different parts of the world (Zhao, 2014). Tesco is the largest retailer in UK with a revenue of more than 60 billion pounds (Wrigley, 2014). Analysis It is important that the organisations would be able to achieve a good growth rate only when there is a direct mapping between personal goals and objectives of employees and professional goals and objectives. The presence of a performance management system helps organisations to manage strategic and operational goals (Renwick, 2009). The performance management system for Tesco is a critical HRM function that helps the management to develop future growth strategy. Performance Management for Tesco The performance management system for Tesco is a medium to ensure that the business goals are meet by the employees. It is a strategic tool for the company that helps it to focus on employees and organisation as a whole (Kourtit, 2013). The management of Tesco, as a whole, believes that a company might have a world-class performance management system in place, but the system is only as effective as the managers who implement it. Performance management for Tesco is an all-inclusive process which encompasses organisations strategic goal, and individuals and groups performance and competencies objective (Rigby, 2015). Once these critical factors being defined, then the next procedure is how to be synchronized organisations goal into Human resource management where all the entitlement, rewards, and other criteria are embedded for the success of the organisations to achieve its goal. In the process of implementing performance management, one has to be seriously considered is an integrated training facility which provides essential training based on the employees status and responsibilities to attain the performance management goal. There are six components of performance management system for Tesco. These components can be discussed as: The performance planning component that is the first step and most important component of performance management system Performance appraisal and review that happens between managers and employees Feedback mechanism on the performance of employees. The feedback is provided by the managers and supervisors Pay and Reward system component that focuses on performance linked plan, bonuses, annual compensation, rewards and perks, etc. Performance improvement plans for employees that includes the need of training, coaching and mentoring. Future or potential appraisal of employees that includes the promotion and future growth plan of employees. Drivers of performance management system The key driver of performance management system for Tesco is the need to synchronize the business goals with human resource goals. The management of Tesco realizes that employees are the greatest assets and they would be able to contribute towards organisational goals and objectives only when they can align their personal goals with organisational strategic goals. Aguinis, (2013) mention the importance of getting an effective PMS in place in order to improve the organisation and its business practice. However, if not relevant and effective it may lead to poor performance instead. The confusion of goals and targets and along with the lack of buy in from the employees can be more detrimental to the organisation in the long run. Sometimes, the support of top management of organisation for administration of performance management is often more necessary to implementing a successful PM system than well designed PM system without commitment with the leadership of the organisation (Houy, 20 09). It has been noted that the top management involvement and strong support for PM system implementation goes a long way to affirm its usefulness to the organisation and determine its ultimate effectiveness. Without strong top management backing, the system, no matter how well designed, is doomed to fail. Serious commitment is required not lip service. Key features of Tescos performance management system There are seven key features of the performance management system for Tesco. These key attributes or features can be discussed as: Using annual goals setting. At Tesco, every employees has to discuss his yearly goals and the same are used to track the performance of employees. These goals are linked with the business strategy of Tesco. Involve staff in the goals setting process to increase the ownership. The management of Tesco would develop the goals with the inputs collected from different employees. High commitment, support and ownership from the top management, senior management, and line management. The ownership, support and commitment from the top management and senior leadership is be more than HR ownership (Saravanja, 2011). Train the appraisee and appraiser on the PMS and appraisal system. Tesco has invested a lot on training and development programs for appraisee and appraiser. The focus on training and development programs has helped the company to have a standardize performance management system in place. Appraisal meeting is separated than development discusses meeting and is done before the later. The focus on availability of good managers with strong leadership mindsets. Tesco realizes that it must have leaders and not managers to focus on the path of sustainable development. PMS is supported and integrated with other HR function such as training, development and rewards. Impact of performance management The impact of performance management system has been positive for Tesco. Often times, performance management system remains ineffectual and inefficient because it is be driven by Human Resources department responsibility and it is usually considered as a seasonal ritual of less importance to many managers who considers their core obligation in the company as top priority and rather result to abrasives filling of one directional forms with little or no feedback from other members of the teams or organisational. (Aguinis, 2013). However, this is not the case with Tesco. The performance management system has emerged as a critical business function for Tesco with high impact. With established performance management system, the employees are able to work with high level of motivation and productivity. It has helped employees to define the goals and work to achieve these goals. The impact of performance management system is positive for organisation as well. Tesco has been able to manage its employees well with the established performance management system. It has helped Tesco to achieve its goals and objectives (Moore, 2013). It can be said that both organisation and employees has positive vibes for performance management system and it is expected that this impact would remain positive for Tesco and its employees. One of the negative impacts of this system is an increase in the competition among employees. The performance based reward system is the part of Tescos performance management system. With this system, employees have to work hard to perform better than other employees. The solution to this problem is to develop an organizational culture where employees understand and realize the benefits of performance based reward system. Conclusion It would be correct to say that the companies that want to increase organisational and employee performance and productivity should invest in getting the right managers in place and support them in engaging their employees. For Tesco, performance management system is an ongoing process, the commitment of leadership of Tesco should not be seen as one time pass but also continuous and repetitive. This is because Tesco started well with backing of the top management of the organisation and along the line drop their support by relaxing their commitment and this resulted into poor implementation of performance management system. However, gaining support of performance management system can be enhance with well-designed system that not failed to carry all the categories of employees along in their preliminary consideration. Many times reasons for the performance systems are well laid out and the workforce misconstrue the aim and objectives of the top management or department of human resou rces who hands are not too busy compare to other technical department like operations or accounts. For performance management system to gain support and commitment of employees in Tesco, involvement in the design of the system might give more light into grey areas which mar the whole effort of the system. Nankervis Compton (2006) asserted this view that one way of increasing the acceptance and commitment to performance management system in an organisation is initiate the participation of the employees all levels including the managerial and non-managerial, supervisors and non-supervisors. Employee involvement can also be beneficial in identifying possible problems or weaknesses in a system and in coming up with suggestions for improvement. References Aguinis, H., (2013) Performance management. 3rd ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall. Beauvallet, G., Houy, T. (2009). Research on HRM and lean management: a literature survey.International Journal of Human Resources Development and Management,10(1), 14-33. Burke, R.J. Cooper, C.L. (2005)Reinventing Human Resource Management: Challenges and New Directions. London. Routledge, Taylor Francis Group Brannen, M. Y., Moore, F., Mughan, T. (2013, September). Strategic ethnography and reinvigorating Tesco Plc: Leveraging inside/out bicultural bridging in multicultural teams. In Ethnographic Praxis in Industry Conference Proceedings (Vol. 2013, No. 1, pp. 282-299). Haddock-Millar, J., Rigby, C. (2015, January). Business Strategy and the Environment: Tesco Plc's Declining Financial Performance and Underlying Issues. InGlobal Conference on Business Finance Proceedings(Vol. 10, No. 1, p. 127). Institute for Business Finance Research. Hunter, W., Renwick, D. (2009). Involving British line managers in HRM in a small non-profit work organisation.Employee Relations,31(4), 398-411. Nankervis, R. A., Compton, R. L. (2006) .Performance management: theory in practice? Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 44 (1), pp. 83-101 Saravanja, M. (2011) 10 Reasons Why Performance Management Fails and how to remedy them, Regenesys. [Online] Available from: https://regenesys.co.za/2011/03/10-reasons-why-performance-management-fails-and-how-to-remedy-them/ (Accessed: 21 March 2016). Waal, A. Kourtit, K. (2013) Performance Measurement and Management in Practice,International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 62(5), pp. 446-473. Wood, S., Coe, N. M., Wrigley, N. (2014). Multi-scalar localization and capability transference: exploring embeddedness in the Asian retail expansion of Tesco.Regional Studies, 1-21. Zhao, S. (2014). Analyzing and Evaluating Critically Tesco's Current Operations Managemen.Journal of Management and Sustainability,4(4), 184.